--This paper investigates the trade-off between centralized and decentralized security management in constellations of satellites to balance security and performance. We highlight three key AI architectures for automated security management: (a) centralized, (b) distributed and (c) federated. The centralized architecture is the best option short term, providing fast training, despite the hard challenge of the communication latency overhead across space. Decentralized architectures are better alternatives in the longer term, providing enhanced scalability and security. New Space is a new frontier where no AI nor Cloud had much gone before... Among many: a frenzy of initiatives on future large-scale infrastructures and non-terrestrial networks (e.g., launching multiple satellite constellations, space cloud computing) from multiple competing stakeholders; stringent constraints on communications; multiple new threats and significant momentum to develop automated security solutions using AI.

The integration of satellite communication into mobile devices represents a paradigm shift in connectivity, yet the performance characteristics under motion and environmental occlusion remain poorly understood. We present the Starlink Robot, the first mobile robotic platform equipped with Starlink satellite internet, comprehensive sensor suite including upward-facing camera, LiDAR, and IMU, designed to systematically study satellite communication performance during movement. Our multi-modal dataset captures synchronized communication metrics, motion dynamics, sky visibility, and 3D environmental context across diverse scenarios including steady-state motion, variable speeds, and different occlusion conditions. This platform and dataset enable researchers to develop motion-aware communication protocols, predict connectivity disruptions, and optimize satellite communication for emerging mobile applications from smartphones to autonomous vehicles. In this work, we use LEOViz for real-time satellite tracking and data collection. The starlink robot project is available at https://github.com/StarlinkRobot.

Satellite communication is a key technology in our modern connected world. With increasingly complex hardware, one challenge is to efficiently configure links (connections) on a satellite transponder. Planning an optimal link configuration is extremely complex and depends on many parameters and metrics. The optimal use of the limited resources, bandwidth and power of the transponder is crucial. Such an optimization problem can be approximated using metaheuristic methods such as simulated annealing, but recent research results also show that reinforcement learning can achieve comparable or even better performance in optimization methods. However, there have not yet been any studies on link configuration on satellite transponders. In order to close this research gap, a transponder environment was developed as part of this work. For this environment, the performance of the reinforcement learning algorithm PPO was compared with the metaheuristic simulated annealing in two experiments. The results show that Simulated Annealing delivers better results for this static problem than the PPO algorithm, however, the research in turn also underlines the potential of reinforcement learning for optimization problems.

Abstract--Efficient satellite communications play an enormously important role in all of our daily lives. This includes the transmission of data for communication purposes, the operation of IoT applications or the provision of data for ground stations. More and more, AI-based methods are finding their way into these areas. This paper gives an overview of current research in the field of intelligent optimization of satellite communication. For this purpose, a text-mining based literature review was conducted and the identified papers were thematically clustered and analyzed. The identified clusters cover the main topics of routing, resource allocation and, load balancing. Through such a clustering of the literature in overarching topics, a structured analysis of the research papers was enabled, allowing the identification of latest technologies and approaches as well as research needs for intelligent optimization of satellite communication.

In response to the needs of 6G global communications, satellite communication networks have emerged as a key solution. However, the large-scale development of satellite communication networks is constrained by the complex system models, whose modeling is challenging for massive users. Moreover, transmission interference between satellites and users seriously affects communication performance. To solve these problems, this paper develops generative artificial intelligence (AI) agents for model formulation and then applies a mixture of experts (MoE) approach to design transmission strategies. Specifically, we leverage large language models (LLMs) to build an interactive modeling paradigm and utilize retrieval-augmented generation (RAG) to extract satellite expert knowledge that supports mathematical modeling. Afterward, by integrating the expertise of multiple specialized components, we propose an MoE-proximal policy optimization (PPO) approach to solve the formulated problem. Each expert can optimize the optimization variables at which it excels through specialized training through its own network and then aggregates them through the gating network to perform joint optimization. The simulation results validate the accuracy and effectiveness of employing a generative agent for problem formulation. Furthermore, the superiority of the proposed MoE-ppo approach over other benchmarks is confirmed in solving the formulated problem. The adaptability of MoE-PPO to various customized modeling problems has also been demonstrated.

Space has been reforming and this evolution brings new threats that, together with technological developments and malicious intent, can pose a major challenge. Space domain awareness (SDA), a new conceptual idea, has come to the forefront. It aims sensing, detection, identification and countermeasures by providing autonomy, intelligence and flexibility against potential threats in space. In this study, we first present an insightful and clear view of the new space. Secondly, we propose an integrated SDA and communication (ISDAC) system for attacker detection. We assume that the attacker has beam-steering antennas and is capable to vary attack scenarios, such as random attacks on some receiver antennas. To track random patterns and meet SDA requirements, a lightweight convolutional neural network architecture is developed. The proposed ISDAC system shows superior and robust performance under 12 different attacker configurations with a detection accuracy of over 97.8%.

The interaction of machine learning and optics/photonics is transforming the way we design new photonic structures, unearth latent physical laws, and develop intelligent photonic devices. Despite certain achievements, a major impediment persistently exists; datasets and networks are only disposable. Thus, for each new state or task, all datasets and networks have to be discarded, and it is imperative to reconstruct new datasets and networks, leading to an enormous waste of resources. In machine learning-based metamaterial designs, much effort has been inaugurated to enlarge the training dataset or construct specific networks. Either way, each metamaterial is physically separated, and the data utilization efficiency is very low.

The developments of satellite communication in network systems require strong and effective security plans. Attacks such as denial of service (DoS) can be detected through the use of machine learning techniques, especially under normal operational conditions. This work aims to provide an interruption detection strategy for Low Earth Orbit (\textsf{LEO}) satellite networks using deep learning algorithms. Both the training, and the testing of the proposed models are carried out with our own communication datasets, created by utilizing a satellite traffic (benign and malicious) that was generated using satellite networks simulation platforms, Omnet++ and Inet. We test different deep learning algorithms including Multi Layer Perceptron (MLP), Convolutional Neural Network (CNN), Recurrent Neural Network (RNN), Gated Recurrent Units (GRU), and Long Short-term Memory (LSTM). Followed by a full analysis and investigation of detection rate in both binary classification, and multi-classes classification that includes different interruption categories such as Distributed DoS (DDoS), Network Jamming, and meteorological disturbances. Simulation results for both classification types surpassed 99.33% in terms of detection rate in scenarios of full network surveillance. However, in more realistic scenarios, the best-recorded performance was 96.12% for the detection of binary traffic and 94.35% for the detection of multi-class traffic with a false positive rate of 3.72%, using a hybrid model that combines MLP and GRU. This Deep Learning approach efficiency calls for the necessity of using machine learning methods to improve security and to give more awareness to search for solutions that facilitate data collection in LEO satellite networks.

Expanded use of satellites may offer another acceleration catalyst to digital transformation, edge computing, and other evolving aspects of enterprise technology. That was a key takeaway from a panel of experts and industry stakeholders at last week's Satellite 2022 conference, held in-person and via livestream. During the discussion, those panelists hashed out some of the possibilities that satellite connectivity, supported by AI, can bring to digital transformation and the enterprise IoT market. The session, "Bandwidth-as-a-Service: A New Revolution in AI-Powered Satellite Connectivity," included Muneer Zuhdi, head of cognitive cities and industries for MEA enterprise with Nokia; Charles Ferland, vice president and general manager for edge computing and telecom with Lenovo; Jean-Philippe Gillet, vice president and general manager of networks for Intelsat US; executives from DETASAD; and Darren Pralle, senior director of product management with ST Engineering iDirect. The panelists talked up the infrastructure and data analytics possibilities that may expand further thanks to satellite communications, which are increasingly intersecting with cloud and other services.

Expanded use of satellites may offer another acceleration catalyst to digital transformation, edge computing, and other evolving aspects of enterprise technology. That was a key takeaway from a panel of experts and industry stakeholders at last week's Satellite 2022 conference, held in-person and via livestream. During the discussion, those panelists hashed out some of the possibilities that satellite connectivity, supported by AI, can bring to digital transformation and the enterprise IoT market. The session, "Bandwidth-as-a-Service: A New Revolution in AI-Powered Satellite Connectivity," included Muneer Zuhdi, head of cognitive cities and industries for MEA enterprise with Nokia; Charles Ferland, vice president and general manager for edge computing and telecom with Lenovo; Jean-Philippe Gillet, vice president and general manager of networks for Intelsat US; executives from DETASAD; and Darren Pralle, senior director of product management with ST Engineering iDirect. The panelists talked up the infrastructure and data analytics possibilities that may expand further thanks to satellite communications, which are increasingly intersecting with cloud and other services.